Home Evaluation Results
Classic Rate Ratio: Heat-Maps Detection Success: Heat-Maps Show all
Internals
Algorithm Experiment Setup Implementation
Further Information

Switch AQMs: DualPI2 → CoDel

Base RTT→ 5 ms 10 ms 20 ms 50 ms 100 ms 5 ms 10 ms 20 ms 50 ms 100 ms
↓Bitrate Flows↓→ :0 :1 :9 :L :1L :0 :1 :9 :L :1L :0 :1 :9 :L :1L :0 :1 :9 :L :1L :0 :1 :9 :L :1L ←Cubic‑ECN→ :0 :1 :9 :L :1L :0 :1 :9 :L :1L :0 :1 :9 :L :1L :0 :1 :9 :L :1L :0 :1 :9 :L :1L
4 Mbps
1:
9:
L:
1L:
12 Mbps
1:
9:
L:
1L:
40 Mbps
1:
9:
L:
1L:
120 Mbps
1:
9:
L:
1L:
200 Mbps
1:
9:
L:
1L:
Prague↑
Classic Rate RatioThe percentage that average Cubic flow rate reduces to when competing against Prague flows, compared to when competing against equivalent Cubic flows.
(CRR) Heat-Map 		AQM Detection Success RAG (Red-Amber-Green) Matrix
Legend:
200 141 100 71 50 35 25 18 13 9 6 4 3 2 2 1
Actual AQM
AQM detected by all long Prague flows, within 10s, without significant transient errors
Classic L4S
L4S
Classicor detected by a significant minority of short Prague flows
Classic Classic
L4S L4S

Flows

Each traffic scenario is denoted by two descriptors placed either side of a colon, with the Prague flows always given first.
n
denotes n long-running flows, where n is a number, typically 0, 1, 9
L
denotes a
Low loadExponential arrival process, averaging 1 request per second for the 4Mb/s link rate, scaled pro rata for faster links
of
short web-like flowsFlow sizes Pareto distributed with α = 0.9; min 1KB, max 1MB.
1L
denotes '1' and 'L'
Example:
9:1L
denotes 9 Prague and 1 Cubic-ECN long running flow plus a low load of short web-like Cubic-ECN flows. This is the traffic scenario at the intersection of row 9: and column :1L.

4 Mbps 5 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

Back to top

4 Mbps 10 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

Back to top

4 Mbps 20 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

Back to top

4 Mbps 50 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

Back to top

4 Mbps 100 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

Back to top

12 Mbps 5 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

Back to top

12 Mbps 10 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

Back to top

12 Mbps 20 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

Back to top

12 Mbps 50 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

Back to top

12 Mbps 100 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

Back to top

40 Mbps 5 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

Back to top

40 Mbps 10 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

Back to top

40 Mbps 20 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

Back to top

40 Mbps 50 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

Back to top

40 Mbps 100 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

Back to top

120 Mbps 5 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

Back to top

120 Mbps 10 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

Back to top

120 Mbps 20 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

Back to top

120 Mbps 50 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

Back to top

120 Mbps 100 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

Back to top

200 Mbps 5 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

Back to top

200 Mbps 10 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

Back to top

200 Mbps 20 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

Back to top

200 Mbps 50 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

Back to top

200 Mbps 100 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

Back to top