Further Information

Normalized Rate Per Flow plots

CoDel - Baseline Prague (fallback detection only)

Base RTT→

5 ms

10 ms

20 ms

50 ms

100 ms

5 ms

10 ms

20 ms

50 ms

100 ms

↓Bitrate

Flows↓→

:0

:1

:9

:L

:1L

:0

:1

:9

:L

:1L

:0

:1

:9

:L

:1L

:0

:1

:9

:L

:1L

:0

:1

:9

:L

:1L

←Cubic‑ECN→

:0

:1

:9

:L

:1L

:0

:1

:9

:L

:1L

:0

:1

:9

:L

:1L

:0

:1

:9

:L

:1L

:0

:1

:9

:L

:1L

4 Mbps

1:

9:

L:

1L:

	57	103		58
	148	100		149

	59	95

	52	105		52
	145	104		155

	54	95

	44	102		42
	160	91		147

	42	95

	31	90		28
	110	124		108

	28	96

	19	66		27
	62	88		67

	23	71

12 Mbps

1:

9:

L:

1L:

	30	100		30
	86	110		88

	30	95

	22	101		25
	68	112		76

	27	101

	20	67		20
	53	114		64

	21	72

	14	49		17
	40	55		42

	19	54

	8	42		20
	22	38		24

	27	48

40 Mbps

1:

9:

L:

1L:

	16	55		15
	32	52		35

	14	54

	14	47		15
	25	41		28

	14	48

	9	40		15
	21	33		23

	14	41

	8	35		14
	15	23		18

	13	35

	9	29		11
	9	17		14

	9	38

120 Mbps

1:

9:

L:

1L:

	12	38		11
	13	21		13

	10	40

	19	35		11
	13	21		12

	11	37

	28	31		10
	12	17		11

	9	31

	69	25		6
	9	13		10

	6	26

	72	18		7
	6	11		12

	5	20

200 Mbps

1:

9:

L:

1L:

	22	34		9
	10	16		10

	11	34

	22	30		8
	10	16		11

	8	31

	31	27		9
	9	13		9

	8	27

	86	20		6
	10	12		9

	6	20

	51	15		5
	6	9		7

	5	19

Prague↑

(CRR) Heat-Map

AQM Detection Success RAG (Red-Amber-Green) Matrix

Legend (%):

200

141

100

71

50

35

25

18

13

9

6

4

3

2

2

1

		Actual AQM	AQM detected by all long Prague flows, within 10s, without significant transient errors
		Classic	L4S
		L4S	Classicor detected by a significant minority of short Prague flows
		Classic	Classic
		L4S	L4S

Flows

Each traffic scenario is denoted by two descriptors placed either side of a colon, with the Prague flows always given first.

n: denotes n long-running flows, where n is a number, typically 0, 1, 9
L: denotes a
Low loadExponential arrival process, averaging 1 request per second for the 4Mb/s link rate, scaled pro rata for faster links
of
short web-like flowsFlow sizes Pareto distributed with α = 0.9; min 1KB, max 1MB.
1L: denotes '1' and 'L'

Example:

9:1L: denotes 9 Prague and 1 Cubic-ECN long running flow plus a low load of short web-like Cubic-ECN flows. This is the traffic scenario at the intersection of row 9: and column :1L.

Normalized Rate per flowThe ratio of the flow rate, x relative to an 'ideal' rate, C/n, where C is the link capacity and n is the number of flows. Thus, normalized rate per flow = x/(C/n). Only long-running flows count towards n, which makes this metric less useful than CRR.

↓Prague : Cubic-ECN→	:1	:9	:1L
1:
9:
1L:

4 Mbps 5 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)

Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

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4 Mbps 10 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)

Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics
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4 Mbps 20 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)

Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics
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4 Mbps 50 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)

Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics
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4 Mbps 100 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)

Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics
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12 Mbps 5 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)

Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics
Back to top

12 Mbps 10 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)

Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics
Back to top

12 Mbps 20 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)

Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics
Back to top

12 Mbps 50 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)

Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics
Back to top

12 Mbps 100 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)

Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics
Back to top

40 Mbps 5 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)

Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics
Back to top

40 Mbps 10 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)

Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics
Back to top

40 Mbps 20 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)

Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics
Back to top

40 Mbps 50 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)

Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics
Back to top

40 Mbps 100 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)

Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics
Back to top

120 Mbps 5 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)

Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics
Back to top

120 Mbps 10 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)

Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics
Back to top

120 Mbps 20 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)

Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics
Back to top

120 Mbps 50 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)

Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics
Back to top

120 Mbps 100 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)

Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics
Back to top

200 Mbps 5 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)

Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics
Back to top

200 Mbps 10 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)

Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics
Back to top

200 Mbps 20 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)

Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics
Back to top

200 Mbps 50 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)

Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics
Back to top

200 Mbps 100 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)

Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics
Back to top