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Classic Rate Ratio: Heat-Maps Detection Success: Heat-Maps Show all
Internals
Algorithm Experiment Setup Implementation
Further Information Normalized Rate Per Flow plots

CoDel - Simultaneous flow starts

Base RTT→ 5 ms 10 ms 20 ms 50 ms 100 ms 5 ms 10 ms 20 ms 50 ms 100 ms
↓Bitrate Flows↓→ :0 :1 :9 :L :1L :0 :1 :9 :L :1L :0 :1 :9 :L :1L :0 :1 :9 :L :1L :0 :1 :9 :L :1L ←Cubic‑ECN→ :0 :1 :9 :L :1L :0 :1 :9 :L :1L :0 :1 :9 :L :1L :0 :1 :9 :L :1L :0 :1 :9 :L :1L
4 Mbps
1:
9:
L:
1L:
72 103 77
148 102 149
77 95
71 103 73
147 103 143
75 94
75 114 70
147 103 153
70 106
73 95 76
121 123 124
65 100
91 90 100
69 98 77
90 93
12 Mbps
1:
9:
L:
1L:
70 102 72
94 114 93
86 98
70 95 72
86 116 95
74 99
79 90 76
69 116 77
81 93
82 90 82
62 69 62
66 92
81 93 79
52 69 48
111 91
40 Mbps
1:
9:
L:
1L:
80 90 76
55 73 54
73 88
93 91 88
50 63 61
74 89
83 92 81
54 61 64
84 89
100 93 93
78 69 65
92 91
127 96 93
59 79 64
127 106
120 Mbps
1:
9:
L:
1L:
86 94 75
59 62 56
74 95
75 96 78
59 68 66
83 96
99 93 78
78 74 66
79 95
158 103 116
75 76 91
62 96
143 99 132
151 87 147
103 96
200 Mbps
1:
9:
L:
1L:
92 94 74
64 67 65
84 93
86 95 70
71 74 62
86 94
84 97 107
75 75 63
98 98
169 96 88
59 88 84
108 93
108 99 120
143 102 144
112 101
Prague↑
Classic Rate RatioThe percentage that average Cubic flow rate reduces to when competing against Prague flows, compared to when competing against equivalent Cubic flows.
(CRR) Heat-Map 		AQM Detection Success RAG (Red-Amber-Green) Matrix
Legend (%):
200 141 100 71 50 35 25 18 13 9 6 4 3 2 2 1
Actual AQM
AQM detected by all long Prague flows, within 10s, without significant transient errors
Classic L4S
L4S
Classicor detected by a significant minority of short Prague flows
Classic Classic
L4S L4S

Flows

Each traffic scenario is denoted by two descriptors placed either side of a colon, with the Prague flows always given first.
n
denotes n long-running flows, where n is a number, typically 0, 1, 9
L
denotes a
Low loadExponential arrival process, averaging 1 request per second for the 4Mb/s link rate, scaled pro rata for faster links
of
short web-like flowsFlow sizes Pareto distributed with α = 0.9; min 1KB, max 1MB.
1L
denotes '1' and 'L'
Example:
9:1L
denotes 9 Prague and 1 Cubic-ECN long running flow plus a low load of short web-like Cubic-ECN flows. This is the traffic scenario at the intersection of row 9: and column :1L.

Normalized Rate per flowThe ratio of the flow rate, x relative to an 'ideal' rate, C/n, where C is the link capacity and n is the number of flows. Thus, normalized rate per flow = x/(C/n). Only long-running flows count towards n, which makes this metric less useful than CRR.

↓Prague : Cubic-ECN→ :1 :9 :1L
1:
9:
1L:

4 Mbps 5 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

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4 Mbps 10 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

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4 Mbps 20 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

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4 Mbps 50 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

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4 Mbps 100 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

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12 Mbps 5 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

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12 Mbps 10 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

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12 Mbps 20 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

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12 Mbps 50 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

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12 Mbps 100 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

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40 Mbps 5 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

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40 Mbps 10 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

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40 Mbps 20 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

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40 Mbps 50 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

Back to top

40 Mbps 100 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

Back to top

120 Mbps 5 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

Back to top

120 Mbps 10 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

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120 Mbps 20 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

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120 Mbps 50 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

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120 Mbps 100 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

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200 Mbps 5 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

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200 Mbps 10 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

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200 Mbps 20 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

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200 Mbps 50 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

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200 Mbps 100 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

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