Home Evaluation Results Internals Further Information Normalized Rate Per Flow plots

DualPI2 - Simultaneous flow starts

Base RTT→ 5 ms 10 ms 20 ms 50 ms 100 ms 5 ms 10 ms 20 ms 50 ms 100 ms
↓Bitrate Flows↓→ :0 :1 :9 :L :1L :0 :1 :9 :L :1L :0 :1 :9 :L :1L :0 :1 :9 :L :1L :0 :1 :9 :L :1L ←Cubic‑ECN→ :0 :1 :9 :L :1L :0 :1 :9 :L :1L :0 :1 :9 :L :1L :0 :1 :9 :L :1L :0 :1 :9 :L :1L
4 Mbps
1:
9:
L:
1L:
82 93 91
269 106 385
97 101
88 93 87
199 107 279
100 92
105 95 106
172 100 217
123 101
129 101 105
177 98 157
128 101
115 105 112
196 112 141
154 104
12 Mbps
1:
9:
L:
1L:
67 88 71
102 63 120
102 89
70 96 82
93 66 108
132 97
77 99 73
225 89 139
137 102
86 98 66
328 111 170
166 106
83 109 60
433 131 166
212 104
40 Mbps
1:
9:
L:
1L:
51 84 53
187 62 101
79 89
54 91 75
200 85 110
104 92
80 95 71
180 87 96
121 96
68 96 59
231 102 103
156 99
59 101 58
269 98 60
279 122
120 Mbps
1:
9:
L:
1L:
37 82 47
163 50 55
65 88
53 86 56
145 59 59
90 89
74 91 53
115 72 68
81 90
66 91 38
109 86 49
104 91
77 93 39
115 92 45
113 101
200 Mbps
1:
9:
L:
1L:
37 78 48
129 45 41
73 79
62 87 58
113 58 56
75 86
69 91 53
106 73 53
66 89
65 94 31
112 91 33
63 86
71 94 39
109 82 31
56 90
Prague↑
Classic Rate RatioThe percentage that average Cubic flow rate reduces to when competing against Prague flows, compared to when competing against equivalent Cubic flows.
(CRR) Heat-Map
AQM Detection Success RAG (Red-Amber-Green) Matrix
Legend (%):
200 141 100 71 50 35 25 18 13 9 6 4 3 2 2 1
Actual AQM
AQM detected by all long Prague flows, within 10s, without significant transient errors
Classic L4S
L4S
Classicor detected by a significant minority of short Prague flows
Classic Classic
L4S L4S

Flows

Each traffic scenario is denoted by two descriptors placed either side of a colon, with the Prague flows always given first.
n
denotes n long-running flows, where n is a number, typically 0, 1, 9
L
denotes a
Low loadExponential arrival process, averaging 1 request per second for the 4Mb/s link rate, scaled pro rata for faster links
of
short web-like flowsFlow sizes Pareto distributed with α = 0.9; min 1KB, max 1MB.
1L
denotes '1' and 'L'
Example:
9:1L
denotes 9 Prague and 1 Cubic-ECN long running flow plus a low load of short web-like Cubic-ECN flows. This is the traffic scenario at the intersection of row 9: and column :1L.

Normalized Rate per flowThe ratio of the flow rate, x relative to an 'ideal' rate, C/n, where C is the link capacity and n is the number of flows. Thus, normalized rate per flow = x/(C/n). Only long-running flows count towards n, which makes this metric less useful than CRR.

↓Prague : Cubic-ECN→ :1 :9 :1L
1:
9:
1L:


4 Mbps 5 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

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4 Mbps 10 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

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4 Mbps 20 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

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4 Mbps 50 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

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4 Mbps 100 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

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12 Mbps 5 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

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12 Mbps 10 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

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12 Mbps 20 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

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12 Mbps 50 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

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12 Mbps 100 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

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40 Mbps 5 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

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40 Mbps 10 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

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40 Mbps 20 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

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40 Mbps 50 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

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40 Mbps 100 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

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120 Mbps 5 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

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120 Mbps 10 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

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120 Mbps 20 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

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120 Mbps 50 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

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120 Mbps 100 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

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200 Mbps 5 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

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200 Mbps 10 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

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200 Mbps 20 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

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200 Mbps 50 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

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200 Mbps 100 ms

Average throughput per flow by class (at AQM)
Throughput per flow (at AQM)
Link utilization (at AQM)
Classic ECN variable (per L4S flow)
Queue depth (per L4S flow & at AQM)
Packet drop probability (at AQM)
Marking probability (at AQM)
Measurement RTT (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Smoothed RTT [fixed gain] (per L4S flow)
Mean RTT deviation [adaptive gain] (per L4S flow)
Minimum RTT over 300 seconds (per L4S flow)
Slow-start threshold (per L4S flow)
Congestion window (per L4S flow)

Show all metrics

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